Labor market institutions, international capital mobility, and the persistence of underdevelopment

We show that the impact of globalization on growth and wages crucially depends on the labor market structures of the countries involved. We contrast bargaining and perfect competition. Under perfect capital markets, convergence of capital and income per capita always occurs despite di®erent labor market structures. However, di®erent labor market structures prevent convergence of the income shares, with unionized countries showing a lower wage rate and consequent capital in°ows. Therefore, unionization, not globalization, is the cause of discrepancies in the within-country income-distribution patterns. Openness is always preferable to autarky for a small developing economy, independently of its labor market structure.